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As particle become sufficiently small, adhesion phenomena becomes important. The presence of significant adhesive forces can be established experimentally by the observation that the area of the contact region is larger than predicted by the Hertz theory and the observation that the contact region does not vanish when the load is removed.
To integrate the adhesive contribution into the contact interaction, the developer needs to combine species.
The available models to compute the adhesive interaction are:
1.9.1