SinterLinNormalSpecies contains the parameters used to describe a plastic-cohesive normal force (Stefan Ludings plastic-cohesive force model) based on three different sintering mechanisms. More...

#include <SinterLinNormalSpecies.h>

Inheritance diagram for SinterLinNormalSpecies:

Public Types
typedef SinterLinInteraction	InteractionType
	The correct Interaction type for this FrictionForceSpecies. More...

Public Member Functions
	SinterLinNormalSpecies ()
	The default constructor. More...

	SinterLinNormalSpecies (const SinterLinNormalSpecies &p)
	The default copy constructor. More...

	~SinterLinNormalSpecies ()
	The default destructor. More...

void	read (std::istream &is)
	Reads the species properties from an input stream. More...

void	write (std::ostream &os) const
	Writes the species properties to an output stream. More...

std::string	getBaseName () const
	Used in Species::getName to obtain a unique name for each Species. More...

void	mix (SinterLinNormalSpecies S, SinterLinNormalSpecies T)
	creates default values for mixed species More...

void	setCollisionTimeAndRestitutionCoefficient (Mdouble tc, Mdouble eps, Mdouble mass)

void	setStiffnessAndRestitutionCoefficient (Mdouble k_, Mdouble eps, Mdouble mass)
	Sets k, disp such that it matches a given tc and eps for a collision of two copies of P. More...

void	setRestitutionCoefficient (double eps, Mdouble mass)
	Sets disp to obtain a restitution coefficient eps for a collision of two particles of mass m. More...

Mdouble	getCollisionTime (Mdouble mass) const
	Calculates collision time for two copies of a particle of given disp, k, mass. More...

Mdouble	getRestitutionCoefficient (Mdouble mass) const
	Calculates restitution coefficient for two copies of given disp, k, mass. More...

void	setPlasticParameters (Mdouble loadingStiffness, Mdouble unloadingStiffnessMax, Mdouble cohesionStiffness, Mdouble penetrationDepthMax)
	Sets all parameters of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force at once. More...

Mdouble	getLoadingStiffness () const
	Returns the loading stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force. More...

Mdouble	getUnloadingStiffnessMax () const
	Returns the maximum unloading stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force. More...

Mdouble	getCohesionStiffness () const
	Returns the cohesive stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force. More...

Mdouble	getPenetrationDepthMax () const
	Returns the maximum penetration depth of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force. More...

void	setLoadingStiffness (Mdouble loadingStiffness)
	Sets the loading stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force. More...

void	setUnloadingStiffnessMax (Mdouble unloadingStiffnessMax)
	Sets the maximum unloading stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force. More...

void	setCohesionStiffness (Mdouble cohesionStiffness)
	Sets the cohesive stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force. More...

void	setPenetrationDepthMax (Mdouble penetrationDepthMax)
	Sets the maximum penetration depth of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force. More...

void	setDissipation (Mdouble dissipation)
	Sets the linear dissipation coefficient of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force. More...

MERCURYDPM_DEPRECATED void	setLoadingStiffnessAndDissipation (helpers::KAndDisp new_)
	Allows the spring and dissipation constants to be changed simultaneously. More...

Mdouble	computeTimeStep (Mdouble mass)
	Returns the optimal time step to resolve a collision of two particles of a given mass. More...

Mdouble	getDissipation () const
	Allows the normal dissipation to be accessed. More...

void	setSinterAdhesion (Mdouble sinterAdhesion)
	Sets sinterAdhesion_. More...

Mdouble	getSinterAdhesion () const
	Accesses sinterAdhesion_. More...

void	setSinterRate (Mdouble sinterRate)
	Sets sinterRate_. More...

Mdouble	getSinterRate () const
	Accesses sinterRate_. More...

void	setComplianceZero (Mdouble complianceZero)
	sets the instantaneous compliance (compliance zero) More...

Mdouble	getComplianceZero () const
	Accesses the instantaneous compliance (compliance zero) More...

void	setSurfTension (Mdouble complianceZero)
	sets the surface tension. More...

Mdouble	getSurfTension () const
	accesses the surface tension. More...

void	setFluidity (Mdouble complianceOne)
	sets the fluidity (inverse of viscosity). More...

Mdouble	getFluidity () const
	accesses the fluidity (inverse of viscosity). More...

void	setSeparationDis (Mdouble separationDis)
	sets the critical separation distance. This mimics inter-surface forces. More...

Mdouble	getSeparationDis () const
	accesses the critical separation distance. This mimics inter-surface forces. More...

void	setSinterType (SINTER_APPROACH sinterType)
	sets the sintering approach selected. More...

SINTER_APPROACH	getSinterType () const

Public Member Functions inherited from BaseNormalForce
	BaseNormalForce ()

	BaseNormalForce (const BaseNormalForce &p)

bool	getConstantRestitution () const

void	setConstantRestitution (bool constantRestitution)

virtual void	actionsAfterTimeStep (BaseParticle *particle) const

Public Member Functions inherited from BaseForce
BaseSpecies *	getBaseSpecies () const

void	setBaseSpecies (BaseSpecies *baseSpecies)

Private Attributes
Mdouble	loadingStiffness_
	(normal) spring constant (k_1) More...

Mdouble	unloadingStiffnessMax_
	the maximum elastic constant (k_2^max) for plastic deformations More...

Mdouble	cohesionStiffness_
	the adhesive spring constant (k^c) for plastic deformations More...

Mdouble	penetrationDepthMax_
	the depth (relative to the normalized radius) at which k_2^max is used (phi_f) More...

Mdouble	dissipation_
	linear dissipation coefficient More...

Mdouble	sinterAdhesion_

Mdouble	sinterRate_

Mdouble	complianceZero_

Mdouble	surfTension_

Mdouble	fluidity

Mdouble	separationDis_

SINTER_APPROACH	sinterType_
	Type of sintering. More...

Detailed Description

SinterLinNormalSpecies contains the parameters used to describe a plastic-cohesive normal force (Stefan Ludings plastic-cohesive force model) based on three different sintering mechanisms.

Ref: Visco-elastic sintering kinetics in virgin and aged polymer powders. Powder Technology, 2020.

Member Typedef Documentation

◆ InteractionType

typedef SinterLinInteraction SinterLinNormalSpecies::InteractionType

The correct Interaction type for this FrictionForceSpecies.

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

◆ SinterLinNormalSpecies() [1/2]

SinterLinNormalSpecies::SinterLinNormalSpecies ( )

The default constructor.

         : BaseNormalForce()
 {
     loadingStiffness_ = 0.0;
     unloadingStiffnessMax_ = 0.0;
     cohesionStiffness_ = 0.0;
     penetrationDepthMax_ = 0.0;
     dissipation_ = 0.0;
     sinterAdhesion_ = 0.0;
     sinterRate_ = 0.0;
     complianceZero_ = 0.0;
     surfTension_ = 0.0;
     fluidity = 0.0;
     separationDis_ = 0.0;
     sinterType_ = SINTER_APPROACH::FRENKEL;
  
 #ifdef DEBUG_CONSTRUCTOR
     std::cout<<"SinterLinNormalSpecies::SinterLinNormalSpecies() finished"<<std::endl;
 #endif
 }

References cohesionStiffness_, complianceZero_, dissipation_, fluidity, FRENKEL, loadingStiffness_, penetrationDepthMax_, separationDis_, sinterAdhesion_, sinterRate_, sinterType_, surfTension_, and unloadingStiffnessMax_.

◆ SinterLinNormalSpecies() [2/2]

SinterLinNormalSpecies::SinterLinNormalSpecies ( const SinterLinNormalSpecies & p )

The default copy constructor.

Parameters

[in] the species that is copied

         : BaseNormalForce(p)
 {
     loadingStiffness_ = p.loadingStiffness_;
     unloadingStiffnessMax_ = p.unloadingStiffnessMax_;
     cohesionStiffness_ = p.cohesionStiffness_;
     penetrationDepthMax_ = p.penetrationDepthMax_;
     dissipation_ = p.dissipation_;
     sinterAdhesion_ = p.sinterAdhesion_;
     sinterRate_ = p.sinterRate_;
     complianceZero_ = p.complianceZero_;
     surfTension_ = p.surfTension_;
     fluidity = p.fluidity;
     separationDis_ = p.separationDis_;
     sinterType_ = p.sinterType_;
  
 #ifdef DEBUG_CONSTRUCTOR
     std::cout<<"SinterLinNormalSpecies::SinterLinNormalSpecies(const SinterLinNormalSpecies &p) finished"<<std::endl;
 #endif
 }

References cohesionStiffness_, complianceZero_, dissipation_, fluidity, loadingStiffness_, penetrationDepthMax_, separationDis_, sinterAdhesion_, sinterRate_, sinterType_, surfTension_, and unloadingStiffnessMax_.

◆ ~SinterLinNormalSpecies()

SinterLinNormalSpecies::~SinterLinNormalSpecies ( )

The default destructor.

 {
 #ifdef DEBUG_DESTRUCTOR
     std::cout<<"SinterNormalSpecies::~SinterNormalSpecies() finished"<<std::endl;
 #endif
 }

Member Function Documentation

◆ computeTimeStep()

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::computeTimeStep ( Mdouble mass )

Returns the optimal time step to resolve a collision of two particles of a given mass.

Calculates collision time for stiffest spring constant, divides by 50

Parameters

[in] mass the optimal time step is computed to resolve a collision of two particles of this mass.

 {
     if (getConstantRestitution()) mass = 1;
     return 0.02 * constants::pi /
            std::sqrt(unloadingStiffnessMax_ / (.5 * mass) - mathsFunc::square(dissipation_ / mass));
 }

References dissipation_, BaseNormalForce::getConstantRestitution(), constants::pi, mathsFunc::square(), and unloadingStiffnessMax_.

◆ getBaseName()

std::string SinterLinNormalSpecies::getBaseName ( ) const

Used in Species::getName to obtain a unique name for each Species.

Returns: a string containing the name of the species (minus the word "Species")

 {
     return "SinterLin";
 }

◆ getCohesionStiffness()

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::getCohesionStiffness ( ) const

Returns the cohesive stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

Returns: the cohesive stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

 {
     return cohesionStiffness_;
 }

References cohesionStiffness_.

Referenced by SinterLinInteraction::computeNormalForce(), and mix().

◆ getCollisionTime()

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::getCollisionTime ( Mdouble mass ) const

Calculates collision time for two copies of a particle of given disp, k, mass.

 {
     if (mass <= 0)
     {
         std::cerr << "Error in getCollisionTime(" << mass
                   << ") mass is not set or has an unexpected value, (getCollisionTime(" << mass << "))" << std::endl;
         exit(-1);
     }
     if (loadingStiffness_ <= 0)
     {
         std::cerr << "Error in getCollisionTime(" << mass << ") stiffness=" << loadingStiffness_
                   << " is not set or has an unexpected value, (getCollisionTime(" << mass << "), with stiffness="
                   << loadingStiffness_ << ")" << std::endl;
         exit(-1);
     }
     if (dissipation_ < 0)
     {
         std::cerr << "Error in getCollisionTime(" << mass << ") dissipation=" << dissipation_
                   << " is not set or has an unexpected value, (getCollisionTime(" << mass << "), with dissipation="
                   << dissipation_ << ")" << std::endl;
         exit(-1);
     }
     Mdouble tosqrt = loadingStiffness_ / (.5 * mass) - mathsFunc::square(dissipation_ / mass);
     if (tosqrt <= -1e-8 * loadingStiffness_ / (.5 * mass))
     {
         std::cerr << "Error in getCollisionTime(" << mass
                   << ") values for mass, stiffness and dissipation would lead to an overdamped system, (getCollisionTime("
                   << mass << "), with stiffness=" << loadingStiffness_ << " and dissipation=" << dissipation_ << ")"
                   << std::endl;
         exit(-1);
     }
     return constants::pi / std::sqrt(tosqrt);
 }

References dissipation_, loadingStiffness_, constants::pi, and mathsFunc::square().

Referenced by getRestitutionCoefficient().

◆ getComplianceZero()

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::getComplianceZero ( ) const

Accesses the instantaneous compliance (compliance zero)

 {
     return complianceZero_;
 }

References complianceZero_.

Referenced by SinterLinInteraction::computeNormalForce(), and mix().

◆ getDissipation()

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::getDissipation ( ) const

Allows the normal dissipation to be accessed.

Returns: the linear dissipation coefficient

 {
     return dissipation_;
 }

References dissipation_.

Referenced by SinterLinInteraction::computeNormalForce(), and mix().

◆ getFluidity()

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::getFluidity ( ) const

accesses the fluidity (inverse of viscosity).

 {
     return fluidity;
 }

References fluidity.

Referenced by SinterLinInteraction::computeNormalForce(), and mix().

◆ getLoadingStiffness()

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::getLoadingStiffness ( ) const

Returns the loading stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

Returns: the loading stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

 {
     return loadingStiffness_;
 }

References loadingStiffness_.

Referenced by SinterLinInteraction::computeNormalForce(), SinterLinInteraction::getElasticEnergy(), SinterLinInteraction::getUnloadingStiffness(), mix(), and setRestitutionCoefficient().

◆ getPenetrationDepthMax()

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::getPenetrationDepthMax ( ) const

Returns the maximum penetration depth of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

Returns: the maximum penetration depth of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

 {
     return penetrationDepthMax_;
 }

References penetrationDepthMax_.

Referenced by SinterLinInteraction::computeNormalForce(), SinterLinInteraction::getUnloadingStiffness(), and mix().

◆ getRestitutionCoefficient()

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::getRestitutionCoefficient ( Mdouble mass ) const

Calculates restitution coefficient for two copies of given disp, k, mass.

 {
     if (getConstantRestitution()) mass = 1;
  
     return std::exp(-dissipation_ / mass * getCollisionTime(mass));
 }

References dissipation_, mathsFunc::exp(), getCollisionTime(), and BaseNormalForce::getConstantRestitution().

◆ getSeparationDis()

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::getSeparationDis ( ) const

accesses the critical separation distance. This mimics inter-surface forces.

 {
     return separationDis_;
 }

References separationDis_.

Referenced by SinterLinInteraction::computeNormalForce(), and mix().

◆ getSinterAdhesion()

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::getSinterAdhesion ( ) const

Accesses sinterAdhesion_.

Returns: value of sinterAdhesion_

 {
     return sinterAdhesion_;
 }

References sinterAdhesion_.

Referenced by SinterLinInteraction::computeNormalForce(), and mix().

◆ getSinterRate()

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::getSinterRate ( ) const

Accesses sinterRate_.

Returns: value of sinterAdhesion_

 {
     return sinterRate_;
 }

References sinterRate_.

Referenced by SinterLinInteraction::computeNormalForce().

◆ getSinterType()

SINTER_APPROACH SinterLinNormalSpecies::getSinterType ( ) const

 {
     return sinterType_;
 }

References sinterType_.

Referenced by SinterLinInteraction::computeNormalForce().

◆ getSurfTension()

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::getSurfTension ( ) const

accesses the surface tension.

 {
     return surfTension_;
 }

References surfTension_.

Referenced by SinterLinInteraction::computeNormalForce(), and mix().

◆ getUnloadingStiffnessMax()

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::getUnloadingStiffnessMax ( ) const

Returns the maximum unloading stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

Returns: the maximum unloading stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

 {
     return unloadingStiffnessMax_;
 }

References unloadingStiffnessMax_.

Referenced by SinterLinInteraction::computeNormalForce(), SinterLinInteraction::getUnloadingStiffness(), and mix().

◆ mix()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::mix	(	SinterLinNormalSpecies *	S,
		SinterLinNormalSpecies *	T
	)

creates default values for mixed species

For all parameters we assume that the harmonic mean of the parameters of the original two species is a sensible default.

Parameters

[in] S,T the two species whose properties are mixed to create the new species

 {
     loadingStiffness_ = BaseSpecies::average(S->getLoadingStiffness(), T->getLoadingStiffness());
     unloadingStiffnessMax_ = BaseSpecies::average(S->getUnloadingStiffnessMax(), T->getUnloadingStiffnessMax());
     cohesionStiffness_ = BaseSpecies::average(S->getCohesionStiffness(), T->getCohesionStiffness());
     penetrationDepthMax_ = BaseSpecies::average(S->getPenetrationDepthMax(), T->getPenetrationDepthMax());
     dissipation_ = BaseSpecies::average(S->getDissipation(), T->getDissipation());
     sinterAdhesion_ = BaseSpecies::average(S->getSinterAdhesion(), T->getSinterAdhesion());
     complianceZero_ = BaseSpecies::average(S->getComplianceZero(), T->getComplianceZero());
     surfTension_ = BaseSpecies::average(S->getSurfTension(), T->getSurfTension());
     fluidity= BaseSpecies::average(S->getFluidity(), T->getFluidity());
     separationDis_ = BaseSpecies::average(S->getSeparationDis(), T->getSeparationDis());
  
 }

References BaseSpecies::average(), cohesionStiffness_, complianceZero_, dissipation_, fluidity, getCohesionStiffness(), getComplianceZero(), getDissipation(), getFluidity(), getLoadingStiffness(), getPenetrationDepthMax(), getSeparationDis(), getSinterAdhesion(), getSurfTension(), getUnloadingStiffnessMax(), loadingStiffness_, penetrationDepthMax_, separationDis_, sinterAdhesion_, surfTension_, and unloadingStiffnessMax_.

◆ read()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::read ( std::istream & is )

Reads the species properties from an input stream.

Parameters

[in] is input stream (typically the restart file)

 {
     std::string dummy;
     is >> dummy >> loadingStiffness_;
     is >> dummy >> unloadingStiffnessMax_;
     is >> dummy >> cohesionStiffness_;
     is >> dummy >> penetrationDepthMax_;
     is >> dummy >> dissipation_;
     is >> dummy >> sinterAdhesion_;
     is >> dummy >> complianceZero_;
     is >> dummy >> surfTension_;
     is >> dummy >> sinterRate_;
     is >> dummy >> fluidity;
     is >> dummy >> separationDis_;
     unsigned type;
     is >> dummy >> type;
  
     sinterType_ = (SINTER_APPROACH) type;
 }

References cohesionStiffness_, complianceZero_, dissipation_, fluidity, loadingStiffness_, penetrationDepthMax_, separationDis_, sinterAdhesion_, sinterRate_, sinterType_, surfTension_, and unloadingStiffnessMax_.

◆ setCohesionStiffness()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::setCohesionStiffness ( Mdouble cohesionStiffness )

Sets the cohesive stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

Parameters

[in] cohesionStiffness the cohesive stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

 {
     cohesionStiffness_ = cohesionStiffness;
 }

References cohesionStiffness_.

Referenced by setPlasticParameters().

◆ setCollisionTimeAndRestitutionCoefficient()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::setCollisionTimeAndRestitutionCoefficient	(	Mdouble	tc,
		Mdouble	eps,
		Mdouble	mass
	)

Set k, disp such that is matches a given tc and eps for a collision of two different masses. Recall the resitution constant is a function of k, disp and the mass of each particle in the collision See also setCollisionTimeAndRestitutionCoefficient(Mdouble tc, Mdouble eps, Mdouble mass)

Sets k, disp such that it matches a given tc and eps for a collision of two copies of equal mass m

Parameters

[in]	tc	collision time
[in]	eps	restitution coefficient
[in]	mass	effective particle mass, \(\frac{2}{1/m1+1/m2}\)

Todo:: TW: check that the masses are described correctly here (m_eff or m_p?))

 {
     if (eps == 0.0)
     {
         loadingStiffness_ = .5 * mass * mathsFunc::square(constants::pi / tc);
         dissipation_ = std::sqrt(2.0 * mass * loadingStiffness_);
     }
     else
     {
         dissipation_ = -mass / tc * std::log(eps);
         loadingStiffness_ =
                 .5 * mass * (mathsFunc::square(constants::pi / tc) + mathsFunc::square(dissipation_ / mass));
     }
     unloadingStiffnessMax_ = loadingStiffness_;
 }

References dissipation_, loadingStiffness_, mathsFunc::log(), constants::pi, mathsFunc::square(), and unloadingStiffnessMax_.

◆ setComplianceZero()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::setComplianceZero ( Mdouble complianceZero )

sets the instantaneous compliance (compliance zero)

 {
     if (complianceZero < 0)
     {
         logger(ERROR, "complianceZero(%)", complianceZero);
     }
     complianceZero_ = complianceZero;
 }

References complianceZero_, ERROR, and logger.

◆ setDissipation()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::setDissipation ( Mdouble dissipation )

Sets the linear dissipation coefficient of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

should be non-negative

Parameters

[in] dissipation the linear dissipation coefficient of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

 {
     if (dissipation < 0)
     {
         logger(ERROR, "setDissipation(%)", dissipation);
         exit(-1);
     }
     dissipation_ = dissipation;
 }

References dissipation_, ERROR, and logger.

Referenced by setLoadingStiffnessAndDissipation().

◆ setFluidity()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::setFluidity ( Mdouble complianceOne )

sets the fluidity (inverse of viscosity).

 {
     if (complianceOne < 0)
     {
         logger(ERROR, "ComplianceOne(%)", complianceOne);
     }
     fluidity = complianceOne;
 }

References ERROR, fluidity, and logger.

◆ setLoadingStiffness()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::setLoadingStiffness ( Mdouble loadingStiffness )

Sets the loading stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

Parameters

[in] loadingStiffness the loading stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

 {
     loadingStiffness_ = loadingStiffness;
 }

References loadingStiffness_.

Referenced by setLoadingStiffnessAndDissipation(), and setPlasticParameters().

◆ setLoadingStiffnessAndDissipation()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::setLoadingStiffnessAndDissipation ( helpers::KAndDisp new_ )

Allows the spring and dissipation constants to be changed simultaneously.

 {
     setLoadingStiffness(new_.k);
     setDissipation(new_.disp);
 }

References helpers::KAndDisp::disp, helpers::KAndDisp::k, setDissipation(), and setLoadingStiffness().

◆ setPenetrationDepthMax()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::setPenetrationDepthMax ( Mdouble penetrationDepthMax )

Sets the maximum penetration depth of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

Parameters

[in] penetrationDepthMax the maximum penetration depth of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

 {
     penetrationDepthMax_ = penetrationDepthMax;
 }

References penetrationDepthMax_.

Referenced by setPlasticParameters().

◆ setPlasticParameters()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::setPlasticParameters	(	Mdouble	loadingStiffness,
		Mdouble	unloadingStiffnessMax,
		Mdouble	cohesionStiffness,
		Mdouble	penetrationDepthMax
	)

Sets all parameters of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force at once.

Parameters

[in]	loadingStiffness	the loading stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.
[in]	unloadingStiffnessMax	the maximum unloading stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.
[in]	cohesionStiffness	the cohesive stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.
[in]	penetrationDepthMax	the maximum penetration depth of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

 {
     if (loadingStiffness <= 0 || unloadingStiffnessMax < loadingStiffness || cohesionStiffness < 0 ||
         penetrationDepthMax < 0)
     {
         std::cerr << "Error: arguments of setPlasticParameters do not make sense" << std::endl;
         exit(-1);
     }
     setLoadingStiffness(loadingStiffness);
     setUnloadingStiffnessMax(unloadingStiffnessMax);
     setCohesionStiffness(cohesionStiffness);
     setPenetrationDepthMax(penetrationDepthMax);
 }

References setCohesionStiffness(), setLoadingStiffness(), setPenetrationDepthMax(), and setUnloadingStiffnessMax().

◆ setRestitutionCoefficient()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::setRestitutionCoefficient	(	double	eps,
		Mdouble	mass
	)

Sets disp to obtain a restitution coefficient eps for a collision of two particles of mass m.

 {
     if (getConstantRestitution()) mass = 1;
     if (eps == 0.0) {
         dissipation_ = std::sqrt(2.0 * mass * getLoadingStiffness());
     } else {
         const Mdouble logEps = log(eps);
         dissipation_ = -std::sqrt(2.0 * mass * getLoadingStiffness()
                                   / (constants::sqr_pi + mathsFunc::square(logEps))) * logEps;
     }
 }

References dissipation_, BaseNormalForce::getConstantRestitution(), getLoadingStiffness(), mathsFunc::log(), constants::sqr_pi, and mathsFunc::square().

◆ setSeparationDis()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::setSeparationDis ( Mdouble separationDis )

sets the critical separation distance. This mimics inter-surface forces.

 {
     if (separationDis < 0)
     {
         logger(ERROR, "SeparationDis(%)", separationDis);
     }
     separationDis_ = separationDis;
 }

References ERROR, logger, and separationDis_.

◆ setSinterAdhesion()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::setSinterAdhesion ( Mdouble sinterAdhesion )

Sets sinterAdhesion_.

 {
     if (sinterAdhesion < 0)
     {
         logger(ERROR, "setSinterAdhesion(%)", sinterAdhesion);
         exit(-1);
     }
     sinterAdhesion_ = sinterAdhesion;
 }

References ERROR, logger, and sinterAdhesion_.

◆ setSinterRate()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::setSinterRate ( Mdouble sinterRate )

Sets sinterRate_.

 {
     if (sinterRate < 0)
     {
         logger(ERROR, "setSinterRate(%)", sinterRate);
     }
     sinterRate_ = sinterRate;
 }

References ERROR, logger, and sinterRate_.

◆ setSinterType()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::setSinterType ( SINTER_APPROACH sinterType )

sets the sintering approach selected.

 {
     sinterType_ = sinterType;
     if (sinterType_ == SINTER_APPROACH::FRENKEL)
         logger(INFO, "Sintertype set to Frenkel");
     else if (sinterType_ == SINTER_APPROACH::VISCOELASTIC_CONTACT)
         logger(INFO, "Sintertype set to Three different mechanisms");
     else
         logger(ERROR, "Sintertype not understood");
 }

References ERROR, FRENKEL, INFO, logger, sinterType_, and VISCOELASTIC_CONTACT.

◆ setStiffnessAndRestitutionCoefficient()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::setStiffnessAndRestitutionCoefficient	(	Mdouble	stiffness,
		Mdouble	eps,
		Mdouble	mass
	)

Sets k, disp such that it matches a given tc and eps for a collision of two copies of P.

Sets k, disp such that it matches a given tc and eps for a collision of two copies of P

Parameters

[in]	stiffness	stiffness
[in]	eps	restitution coefficient
[in]	mass	effective particle mass, \(\frac{2}{1/m1+1/m2}\)

 {
     loadingStiffness_ = stiffness;
     if (eps == 0.0)
     {
         dissipation_ = std::sqrt(2.0 * mass * stiffness);
     }
     else
     {
         dissipation_ =
                 -std::sqrt(2.0 * mass * stiffness / (constants::sqr_pi + mathsFunc::square(log(eps)))) * log(eps);
     }
     unloadingStiffnessMax_ = loadingStiffness_;
 }

References dissipation_, loadingStiffness_, mathsFunc::log(), constants::sqr_pi, mathsFunc::square(), and unloadingStiffnessMax_.

◆ setSurfTension()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::setSurfTension ( Mdouble complianceZero )

sets the surface tension.

 {
     if (surfTension < 0)
     {
         logger(ERROR, "SurfTension(%)", surfTension);
     }
     surfTension_ = surfTension;
 }

References ERROR, logger, and surfTension_.

◆ setUnloadingStiffnessMax()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::setUnloadingStiffnessMax ( Mdouble unloadingStiffnessMax )

Sets the maximum unloading stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

Parameters

[in] unloadingStiffnessMax the maximum unloading stiffness of the linear plastic-viscoelastic normal force.

 {
     unloadingStiffnessMax_ = unloadingStiffnessMax;
 }

References unloadingStiffnessMax_.

Referenced by setPlasticParameters().

◆ write()

void SinterLinNormalSpecies::write ( std::ostream & os ) const

Writes the species properties to an output stream.

Parameters

[out] output stream (typically the restart file)

 {
     os << " loadingStiffness " << loadingStiffness_;
     os << " maxUnloadingStiffness " << unloadingStiffnessMax_;
     os << " cohesionStiffness " << cohesionStiffness_;
     os << " maxPenetration " << penetrationDepthMax_;
     os << " dissipation " << dissipation_;
     os << " sinterAdhesion " << sinterAdhesion_;
     os << " sinterRate " << sinterRate_;
     os << " complianceZero " << complianceZero_;
     os << " surfTension  " << surfTension_;
     os << " complianceOne " << fluidity;
     os << " separationDis " << separationDis_;
     os << " sinterType " << (unsigned) sinterType_;
 }

References cohesionStiffness_, complianceZero_, dissipation_, fluidity, loadingStiffness_, penetrationDepthMax_, separationDis_, sinterAdhesion_, sinterRate_, sinterType_, surfTension_, and unloadingStiffnessMax_.

Member Data Documentation

◆ cohesionStiffness_

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::cohesionStiffness_

private

the adhesive spring constant (k^c) for plastic deformations

Referenced by getCohesionStiffness(), mix(), read(), setCohesionStiffness(), SinterLinNormalSpecies(), and write().

◆ complianceZero_

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::complianceZero_

private

Material property. C0 = (1-\nu^2)/E, E: young's Modulus, nu poisson ratio.

Referenced by getComplianceZero(), mix(), read(), setComplianceZero(), SinterLinNormalSpecies(), and write().

◆ dissipation_

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::dissipation_

private

linear dissipation coefficient

Referenced by computeTimeStep(), getCollisionTime(), getDissipation(), getRestitutionCoefficient(), mix(), read(), setCollisionTimeAndRestitutionCoefficient(), setDissipation(), setRestitutionCoefficient(), setStiffnessAndRestitutionCoefficient(), SinterLinNormalSpecies(), and write().

◆ fluidity

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::fluidity

private

Material property, which represents the inverse of viscosity

Referenced by getFluidity(), mix(), read(), setFluidity(), SinterLinNormalSpecies(), and write().

◆ loadingStiffness_

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::loadingStiffness_

private

(normal) spring constant (k_1)

Referenced by getCollisionTime(), getLoadingStiffness(), mix(), read(), setCollisionTimeAndRestitutionCoefficient(), setLoadingStiffness(), setStiffnessAndRestitutionCoefficient(), SinterLinNormalSpecies(), and write().

◆ penetrationDepthMax_

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::penetrationDepthMax_

private

the depth (relative to the normalized radius) at which k_2^max is used (phi_f)

Referenced by getPenetrationDepthMax(), mix(), read(), setPenetrationDepthMax(), SinterLinNormalSpecies(), and write().

◆ separationDis_

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::separationDis_

private

Critical separation distance, to describe inter-surface forces.

Referenced by getSeparationDis(), mix(), read(), setSeparationDis(), SinterLinNormalSpecies(), and write().

◆ sinterAdhesion_

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::sinterAdhesion_

private

Determines sinter adhesion force fa=sinterAdhesion_*radius in sinter rate: d(delta0)/dt = (fa+fep)/nu

Referenced by getSinterAdhesion(), mix(), read(), setSinterAdhesion(), SinterLinNormalSpecies(), and write().

◆ sinterRate_

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::sinterRate_

private

Determines sinter rate: d(delta0)/dt = (fa+fep)/nu

Referenced by getSinterRate(), read(), setSinterRate(), SinterLinNormalSpecies(), and write().

◆ sinterType_

SINTER_APPROACH SinterLinNormalSpecies::sinterType_

private

Type of sintering.

Referenced by getSinterType(), read(), setSinterType(), SinterLinNormalSpecies(), and write().

◆ surfTension_

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::surfTension_

private

Material property.

Referenced by getSurfTension(), mix(), read(), setSurfTension(), SinterLinNormalSpecies(), and write().

◆ unloadingStiffnessMax_

Mdouble SinterLinNormalSpecies::unloadingStiffnessMax_

private

the maximum elastic constant (k_2^max) for plastic deformations

Referenced by computeTimeStep(), getUnloadingStiffnessMax(), mix(), read(), setCollisionTimeAndRestitutionCoefficient(), setStiffnessAndRestitutionCoefficient(), setUnloadingStiffnessMax(), SinterLinNormalSpecies(), and write().

The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:

Public Types

Public Member Functions

Private Attributes

Detailed Description

Member Typedef Documentation

◆ InteractionType

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

◆ SinterLinNormalSpecies() [1/2]

◆ SinterLinNormalSpecies() [2/2]

◆ ~SinterLinNormalSpecies()

Member Function Documentation

◆ computeTimeStep()

◆ getBaseName()

◆ getCohesionStiffness()

◆ getCollisionTime()

◆ getComplianceZero()

◆ getDissipation()

◆ getFluidity()

◆ getLoadingStiffness()

◆ getPenetrationDepthMax()

◆ getRestitutionCoefficient()

◆ getSeparationDis()

◆ getSinterAdhesion()

◆ getSinterRate()

◆ getSinterType()

◆ getSurfTension()

◆ getUnloadingStiffnessMax()

◆ mix()

◆ read()

◆ setCohesionStiffness()

◆ setCollisionTimeAndRestitutionCoefficient()

◆ setComplianceZero()

◆ setDissipation()

◆ setFluidity()

◆ setLoadingStiffness()

◆ setLoadingStiffnessAndDissipation()

◆ setPenetrationDepthMax()

◆ setPlasticParameters()

◆ setRestitutionCoefficient()

◆ setSeparationDis()

◆ setSinterAdhesion()

◆ setSinterRate()

◆ setSinterType()

◆ setStiffnessAndRestitutionCoefficient()

◆ setSurfTension()

◆ setUnloadingStiffnessMax()

◆ write()

Member Data Documentation

◆ cohesionStiffness_

◆ complianceZero_

◆ dissipation_

◆ fluidity

◆ loadingStiffness_

◆ penetrationDepthMax_

◆ separationDis_

◆ sinterAdhesion_

◆ sinterRate_

◆ sinterType_

◆ surfTension_

◆ unloadingStiffnessMax_